Three spotted tilapia

Introduction: The three-spotted tilapia (Oreochromis andersonii) plays a significant ecological and economical role in the region and has become a subject of scientific interest due to its evolutionary adaptations and genetic diversity.

Habitat: The three-spotted tilapia is native to the Ngami basin, Okavango River, Kunene River, Zambezi River and Lake Victoria. They are adapted to a variety of habitats, including rocky shores, sandy bottoms, and areas with aquatic vegetation. These habitats provide them with food sources and shelter.

Physical Characteristics: This tilapia species displays a range of colours, often with shades of green, blue, and yellow. They have a deep body with a single dorsal fin and distinctive spines in their fins. These spines play a role in their defence mechanisms and territorial behaviours.

Feeding Habits: Three-spotted tilapias are omnivorous, feeding on a diet that includes both plant matter and small aquatic organisms. They play a role in controlling algae growth and insect populations in their habitat, contributing to the overall health of the ecosystem.

behaviour: This species exhibits various behaviours, including breeding-related territoriality and the establishment of nesting sites. Male tilapia create nests using their mouths to clear debris and create circular depressions on the lake bottom. Females are drawn to these nests for spawning, and males fiercely defend their nesting territories.

Reproduction: Three-spotted tilapias are mouthbrooders, a unique reproductive strategy among fish species. After fertilization, the female carries the eggs in her mouth for protection. Once the fry hatch, they continue to seek shelter in the mother's mouth when threatened. This behaviour increases the survival rate of the young fish.

Conservation Status: The three-spotted tilapia population has faced challenges due to overfishing, introduction of invasive species, and habitat degradation. Conservation efforts aim to protect their natural habitat and genetic diversity, promoting sustainable fisheries management and ecosystem health.

Aquaculture: Lake Victoria Tilapia is an important species in aquaculture, valued for its growth rate and tolerance to varying water conditions. It is farmed for both food and ornamental purposes, contributing to local economies and food security. That said, several countries report adverse ecological impacts after introduction.